Perpendicular Postulate

The number refers to the ordinal position is, thus the number is the sequence of the result set. And the ordinal numbers does not show the quantity.

When we learn about numbers and its applications, we will study the three types of numbers, there are,

Ordinal numbers
Cardinal numbers and
Nominal numbers.

Explanatory:

Cardinal numbers:

Cardinal numbers shows that “how many”in the group or list. This cardinal numbers are also called counting numbers. Because it shows the quantity. Also it does not have any decimal numbers or fractions, only used for counting.

Example: how many months in a year? Answer is 12 months.

Nominal numbers:

Nominal numbers used to only identify the things. It does not show the quantity or rank.

Example: A bike number on the race.

But here we have to go for only ordinal number and its positions, so let us see what are ordinal numbers?

Ordinal Numbers:

An Ordinal Number is a number that shows the position of something in a group or Ordinal numbers shows the Position (order) of the things in a group from - first; second, third, fourth, etc…and the ordinal numbers does not shown the quantity.

Example: in a bag contains “apple, mango, papaya, jack fruit, pineapple and chappotta” the word “pineapple” is in fifth from order.

Easy to remember: "ordinal" shows what "order" things are in.

Example Problems in Ordinal Numbers:

Example 1:

There are six children in a running race means find the ordinal positions in this?

Solution:

Ordinals locate a place in a sequence, when we describe the child who came in sixth; we are using an ordinal number

A number that tells the position of something in a race in 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th,  5th, 6th.

Example 2:

Indian cricket team players are ordered from Sachin, Shewag, Raina, Yuvraj, Yousuf, Dhoni, Virat,  Irfan, Harbhajan, Praveen, Zaheer,  who is 1st and who is 8th place from the list?

Answer is:       Sachin is 1st from the order of list and Irfan is 8th from the order of given list.

What is a Integer?

What is a Integer- Integers includes all whole numbers along with all negative numbers. That is all negative numbers and positive numbers along with zero are called integers. Definition of Integer says all positive and negative whole numbers are termed as integers. For example: - -3, 15, -8, 0, 78, 91 they all are integers. We can plot integers on the number line. Numbers towards right side on the number line are greater than number on its left. That is if we plot the number line with integers we see that all negative numbers lie on left side of number line and all positive lies on right hand side. They follow a trend of increasing towards right side. For example:- -3  falls on left side of 0 as -3 is smaller than zero, similarly 6 falls on right of 0 as 6 is greater than 0. Integer Definition says all the positive and negative whole numbers along with zero so the list of integers goes on.

To add, subtract, multiply and divide integers, we follow certain Integers Rules. For adding two integers, we should remember that on adding two negative integers, we get a negative integer and we get a positive integer if we add two positive integers. For example -3 + (-2) = -5 and 4 + 6 = 10. And if we are adding a positive and negative integer, we find their absolute values and then subtract the smaller number from the larger one and put the sign of the integer which has a larger absolute value. For example, if we have to add -3 and 5, then we find their absolute values which will be 3 and 5. We subtract 3 from 5 which gives 2 and then we add sign of 5 which is plus. Hence the solution will be +2.

Subtracting Integers– To subtract two integers, we need to change the sign of the integer to be subtracted that is if we have to subtract -3 from -5 then the equation becomes -5 + 3 because -3 was the integer to be subtracted. Now we can find their absolute values and can perform the action of addition. Subtracting two positive integers gives a positive integer. Subtracting two negative integers will give a negative integer. There are many Integer Word Problems that can be solved by using the integer rules of addition and subtraction.

Octal Representation of Numbers

Numbers is a vast subject but not a very tough topic in mathematics to understand. The vastness is because of the deductive skills of scholars and different representation of the same number to increase the security of the same. Octal Numbers is one such type of representation of number like the other representations like decimal, binary, etc. The word Octal or octa number system refers to the number eight and in Octal Number System the number is supported with the base 8. Octals are very similar to the decimal number other than in decimal we have 0 – 9 and in this we have 0 – 7.

It is not a very big task to convert decimal to octa number system or from this to decimal number. The Decimal to Octal Conversion can be understood through an example. But before going to an example let us get to know the steps to be followed while converting the decimal to octa number system.

The following are the steps used for the conversion: One should know the division and multiplication of numbers well so that he / she can solve the problem in ease. The decimal number should be written. The number should be divided by 8.

The quotient of the number should be written below. The remainder of the number after dividing has to be written on the right end. The number written below has to be further divided by 8. This division process has to be done until the number that is the remainder is less than the octa number system digits.

The process is completed once the above steps are followed. The answer has to be written now. The answer can be found by writing the numbers that is the remainder starting from the final remainder bottom to top. The answer should be written with subscript 8 to avoid confusion. Before going to an example for further explanation we should know the Octal Table which represents the octa number system in a table form with the corresponding decimal number for them.

This representation helps in the conversion of octa number system to decimal and the conversion of decimal to octa number system.

Let us consider the following example for understanding the conversion of decimal to octa number system.
Convert 9910 to octa number system: 99 / 8 = 12 with a remainder 3, 12 / 8 = 1 with a remainder 4, the answer for the question which is given will be: 9910 = 1438.

linear algebra sample final

Linear algebra is mainly use to find the solution of systems of linear equations in some unknowns. Linear algebra has a demonstration in analytic geometry and is generalize in operator theory. Linear algebra associates with the families of vectors called vector spaces, and with functions contain one input vector and output another vector, according to rules. Linear algebra has the application with the theory of systems of linear equations, determinants, and matrices. The sample problems are discussed below for final review.

Linear Algebra Sample Problems for Final:

The sample problems are solved in detail for final review as shown below.

Problem 1:

Evaluate the linear equation   -3(x - 4) / 6 - (x - 2) / 3 = -2 x

Sol:

The given equation has rational expressions. To eliminate the denominators by multiplying by the LCD
-3(x - 4) / 6 - (x - 2) / 3 = -2 x

The LCD is equal to 6*3 = 18. Multiply both sides by LCD.
18 * [-3 (x - 4) / 6 - (x - 2) / 3] = 18* [-2 x]

Simplify to eliminate the denominator.
-9(x - 4) - 6(x - 2) = -36x

Multiply factors and grouping the terms

-15x + 48 = -36x

Subtract 48 to both sides
-15x + 48 - 48 = -36x -48

Group like terms
-15x = -36x - 48

Add 36x to both sides
-13x + 36x = -36x - 48 +36x

Grouping the terms
23x = -48

Multiply both sides by `1/23 `
x = - `48/23`

Conclusion:
x = - `48/23` is the solution for the above given equation.

Sample Linear Algebra Practice Problems for Final:

1) Evaluate the linear equation   -3(x - 4) / 7 - (x - 2) / 2 = -2 x

2) Solve the linear equation -5(-x - 7) = 5x – 32.

3) Evaluate the linear equation   -3(-x +3) = x - 7

Answers:

1)   X = -38/15 is the solution for the above given equation.

2) The above equation has no solution.

3)  X=One is the solution for the above equation.

Order of Operations

Order or operations is one of the most important topics in mathematics. Order of operations is also known as PEMDAS or BODMAS. As the term suggests, order of operations refers to the steps to perform a mathematical operation. When it is a simple addition or subtraction, you can add or subtract instantly. For example: Sunny bought Nerf guns India from Fisher Price India collection. He already has Angry Birds toys India and Dartboard games.

How many variety of toys and games collection he has in total: Nerf guns + Angry Birds toys India + Dartboard = 3 variety of toys and games. This is addition operation in mathematics. John has three Nerf guns of Fisher Price India brand. He gave one to his cousin Andrew. How many Nerf guns does he have? 3 Nerf guns – 1 Nerf gun = 2 Nerf gun. This is subtraction operation in mathematics. But what do you do when a mathematical expression has more than one operation. For example: Sunny had 3 guns, his father gave him 2 new guns and he gave one to his friend John. How many he has now? Mathematically: (3+2) – 1 = 4. This is a mathematical expression.

While calculating a mathematical expression, it is essential to follow some rules or order of operation. This order of operation is referred to as BODMAS or PEMDAS as abbreviation for the functions in mathematics. The order of operations is expressed as below.
1. [B] Brackets or Parenthesis
2. [O] Orders (Exponents, roots etc)
3. [DM] Division and Multiplication
4. [AS] Addition and Subtraction

The above order of operation states that in a mathematical expression, at first the operation inside brackets needs to be calculated, thereafter the powers, roots and more, then division and multiplication and finally addition and subtraction. This should be the order of operation while simplifying or calculating a mathematical expression.
For example: There are six kids. Father bought one Nerf Guns India and two building block toys for each kid. How many toys father bought in total?
Mathematically, (1+2) x 6
Applying order of operations (1+2) = 3 x 6 = 18
Therefore, father bought 18 toys in total.

This is referred as order of operations or BODMAS in mathematics.

Estimating with Confidence

Concept of ‘estimation with confidence’ is normally used by everybody in their daily lives. For example, a person may say ‘I believe there are 90 percent chances that Congress will win in the next elections with more than 350 seats’. Here, the person’s confidence level is 90 percent and he is estimating by how much seats congress will win. Let’s move forward to the formal concept of ‘estimation with confidence’.

There are two types of tests one-tailed and two-tailed, we will discuss ‘estimation with confidence’ in each of the case separately.

Estimating with Confidence in a One Tailed Test

In the single tailed test we estimate with the given level of confidence whether the estimated value is same as the population value or either statistically greater than or less than the population value/expected value (for simplicity we are assuming normal distribution). In this we can have right or left tailed test.

Left Tailed : Let us assume the given level of confidence is 85%, from Fig-I we see yellow area is the rejection region. So, with 85% confidence we can say that our estimated value won’t b statistically smaller from the population value/expected value and there is only 15 % probability that it will be statistically smaller.

FIG-I

Right Tailed: In this case the calculation remains the same, the only difference we don’t want statistically greater value than population value/expected value rather than less than as in the previous case. We represent right tailed estimation as in Fig-II. Here yellow shaded region is the rejection area. Confidence level is 85%. So, with 85% confidence we can say that our estimated value won’t b statistically greater from the population value/expected value and there is only 15 % probability that it will be statistically greater.

FIG-II

Estimating with Confidence in Two Tailed Test

Under a two tailed estimation with confidence we do not want either too big or too small value in comparison to the population value/expected value. In other words, we have rejection area on the both tails of the curve (as shown in Fig-III). Here, the yellow shaded area is the rejection area. Here, the confidence level is of 70%. So, with 70% confidence we can say that our estimated value won’t b statistically different from the population value/expected value and there is only 30% probability that it will be statistically different.

FIG-III

Compare and Order Integers

A number line is good place to start when describing integers. As integers are all the counting numbers so starting from 0, the numbers to the right side of zero are called positive integers, and from 0 to the left side, all the numbers are called the negative integers.

Comparing Integers - We can Compare Integers with their Opposites which means the numbers on the opposite sides with equal distance from zero on the number line. For example, on a number line, 4 and -4 are the opposites. The number zero is the opposite of itself, and it is considered neither positive nor negative. Let us graph the integers and their opposites. Let’s graph 4 and its opposite on the number line. Firstly graph 4 by placing a dot at positive 4 on the number line. We know the opposite of positive 4 is negative 4. So place a dot at a negative 4 on the number line to complete the problem. Next example lets graph -2 and its opposite on the number line. First, graph negative 1 by placing a dot on the negative on the number line. Next step we know the opposite of negative 1 is positive is 1. So we place a dot on number line to complete our graph.

Ordering Integers – Ordering integers means Ordering Integers from least to Greatest and for this we write integers in the ascending order. The numbers on left of number line is smaller than the number on the right. Comparing and Ordering Integers can be done by plotting them on the number line. For example: - If we have numbers -3, 0, 5,-5,-1 and 4 and we need Compare and Order Integers, we first plot them on the number line and see the integers to the left on the number line are smaller to those on the right. So reading the dots on the number line from left to right gives us the order from least to the greatest. Here we have to do is read the dots from left to right and we have our order. The smallest number is here on the extreme left will be -5 and then it’s -3, then -1, then 0, then 4 and then 5 which is on extreme right. So we can write the order as -5 < -3 < -1 < 0 < 4 < 5.